Importance of Traditions in Richard Wagamese’s Keeper’n Me Essay

Any relationship goes two ways to keep our life in balance, and also affect our life whichever of family or culture. As Bernice Weissbourd says: â€Å"Because it’s not only a child is inseparable from the family in which he lives, but that the lives of families are determined by the community in which they live and the cultural tradition from which they come.† In Keeper’n me, for instance, Garnet Raven who was taken away from his family to a series of white foster homes when he was three. Garnet’s experiences as a result of the oppressive political and social policies. Moreover, Keeper as a storyteller tries to pass the message of traditions and a way of life to guide Garnet, who arrived in White Dog reservation with anything but Native, to find himself. Finally, Garnet dealt with fitting in the life on the reservation and acceptance of people that around him by learning the Ojibway culture that Keeper taught him. Through setting, character development and symbols the author shows that there is more significance to our actions and emotions in finding a place to belong and a balance of life. Traditions which means a custom or belief that has existed for a long time, affect a person’s identity. The protagonist of story, Garnet, initially feels uneasiness and disconnected from his family and his culture. Environment changes the way that he lives by taking him away from where he was born. When he first arrived at White Dog reservation, people laugh at him on account of dressing like a black man â€Å" I had my Afro all picked out to about three feet around my head, mirrored shades, a balloon-sleeved yellow silk shirt with the long tapered collar, lime green baggy pants with the little cuffs and my hippest pair of platform shoes, all brown with silver spangles, and three gold chains around my neck† ( Wagamese 45). He’s just like a tourist, not knowing what to do or what to be as an outsider in his culture. The society forces him to be someone else except Native. It reflects that he tries to fit into White world by being things that he is not because he was embarrassed to be Indian. This quote also foreshadows that he will find a place to belong as far as staying on the reservation to keep in touch with his family and Native culture. During a positive lesson of Native culture, he starts to fit in the society and gets acceptance of people. His mom gives him the shirt that he had on the day he arrived at reserve to remind him of where he came from and how he wanted to be. Although his mom revamps the shirt that â€Å" the sleeves were cut back regular, the long pointed collar was gone and the ribbons ran across the chest and back and down the arms† (Wagamese 301). He learns the traditional ways of Native and makes the connection with people, especially his family, and now he changes the way that he used to dressing. Everyone needs family in order to find themselves, no one could be his own person without knowing himself. The surroundings compel Garnet to learn Whites instead of his own culture cause he lost connection and himself. Setting is one aspect of the culture that affect Garnet’s identity in social way. The setting of the book is very important in Garnet’s character development and personal growth. The relationship between Garnet and his family is detached because he was raised by foster homes instead of his family, that makes him a lot differences between him and Natives. When he returns to the reserve, he has lots of things need to learn, especially the traditional Native spiritual ways. At the beginning of the book, Garnet was trying to act others except Indian such as â€Å"Hawaiian, Polynesian, Mexican or Chinese† (Wagamese 19). He felt lost in White society and tries to escape reality of being an Indian in respect that he doesn’t know how to be an Indian and never meet a â€Å"real† Indian until he back to the reservation. In this book, Keeper’s voice initiates the story that there is something to be learned about people, himself and his purpose. Keeper teaches Garnet the religious beliefs that helps him to find a balance in his life, and Garnet follows Keeper’s teaching to learn to become a storyteller that he will keep and teach Native traditions. Garnet follows the â€Å"Teachings. The blazes made by them that went before. The signs that mark the path we’re all supposed to follow. The path of the heart. The path of human beings. The red road† (Wagamese 305). To Garnet regard the loss of culture and the old teachings should follow it in order to be at peace with nature and people around us. It shows Garnet that his culture is decline and that he has a chance to become a keeper to teach and bring back the traditions. It also realizes the benefits of learning the way of Ojibway and being connected to his culture. The religious beliefs give Garnet a good sense of spirituality that he finds a culture to belong and knows himself about what he desires to be and how to do it. The character development is one aspect of learnings that affect Garnet’s identity in spiritual ways. The setting and character development that Garnet experiences in the story help reveal the powerful symbolism and themes. The drum symbolizes the connection of traditions and the traditional Native culture’s theme of respect. When Garnet first time to play the drum and tries to sing songs follow the beat, â€Å"The beat got all scattered and the song fell apart on its own† (Wagamese 135). He tries to feel drum and sing songs as an Indian but still have more white and black inside him that affect him more than Indian. It reflect that his emotions are confused just like he starts to play the drum but when he attempts to sing songs at the same time, he lost the rhythm. He doesn’t find a balance of playing drum and singing songs as well as he doesn’t find a balance of his life to fit in Native culture. This quote also foreshadows that he will learn the importance of drum in Native traditional teachings as a value of how it interacts with others. Drum is symbolic of how sacred and old their culture is. As Keeper said in the book, â€Å"The drum’s the heartbeat of Mother Earth† (Wagamese 163). Keeper was explaining how the land is an integral part of Native identity and how he feels the heartbeat of mother earth when he plays the drum. It is a connection to traditions and culture that remind Indian of simplicity kept them alive through everything and help them live in balance with the whole world. Drum also as a representation of female womb and the beating of the drum is like the beating of mother’s heart and represent the heart of the land. You treat a drum with respect as you’d treat your mom with respect. The values of traditions teach Garnet that finds a balance of his life and respect others especially mother. The symbol also is one aspect of Native culture that affect Garnet’s identity in emotional ways. Keeper’n me is a view of positive way in Natives’ life by teaching Garnet traditions, traditions affect Garnet’s identities. White society separates Garnet from his family on the reservation causes that he lost connection and place to belong. The values of environment views influence on Garnet’s social identity. Based on the setting, character development shows how Garnet felt lost and no beliefs at beginning, but during learning religious beliefs he feels connective and finds himself where he should be. The religious beliefs impact on Garnet’s spiritual identity. Ultimately, the symbol of drum highlights the significances of Native traditions and respect that helps Garnet finds balance of his life. The values of one interacts with others that teaches traditional ways affect Garnet’s emotional identity. Traditions are the most important part of our life, it shows acts, thoughts and influence of identity in our lives.

Jetblue Mrketing Essay

Needs, wants and demands are three basic things that each company must have in mind in order to produce a valuable â€Å"market offering† that will bring the so called â€Å"long-lasting and valued relationships† to their table, and JetBlue is not the exception. JetBlue like any other business is competing at the market by offering something to their costumers. But what do they really offer? Simple, JetBlue is an airline, even though their clients claim that â€Å"is more than an airline†, at the end of the day, that is just what they are, an airline. And why would people want to use the services of an airline? Basically because they NEED to transport and fly to another destiny. So when you talk about JetBlue needs, I will say that the most logical answer will be to state all the things that are an essential requirement to satisfy this main NEED of â€Å"transport†, so getting down to the basic things, JetBlue’s costumers’ needs are basically : the need of having FOOD, the need of having a SEAT and of course the need to FEEL SECURE while TRAVELING. And as we can see they are really covering this costumer needs: â€Å"I never fell thirsty. I never feel hungry.† (A customer opinion about is needs satisfaction). On the other hand a costumer may have the need to have food, but they might want an apple instead of an orange, so its really important for JetBlue to know what are some of their clients WANTS in order to satisfy in the best way possible these costumers’ needs by offering the right things. By reading the case I will say that JetBlue’s costumer WANTS may rely in coffee juices and snacks, confortable seats with more space than normal, variety of channels in the TV, nice and confortable terminals with more security lines, free Wi-Fi, etc. and last but not least we have the clients’ demands, these are the products or services for which clients were able to pay, and they expect them to be deli vered as soon as possible. In my opinion the first demand that any JetBlue costumer has, is a low cost fly including all services and products that they promised to make their fly enjoyable (legroom and flatter recline position, dunking donuts coffee, leather sits, LCD TVs, latest movies and favorite TV shows for just 6$, a terminal with excellent restaurants and stores, etc.). These are demands that they’ve been able to cover and that are the reason of the priceless customer’s loyalty that they keep having nowadays, even after the Valentine’s Day nightmare. 2-Describe in detail all the facets of JetBlue’s product. What is being exchanged in a JetBlue transaction? JetBlue is clearly running an airline were everything is about costumer satisfaction. The facets of JetBlue’s service include bringing the best jetting experience from the napkins to the flight security. They implement a lot of things that others airlines does not have, the airline has focused on providing features that are simply not the norm when it comes to commercial air travel. For example they implement 3 inches more in every sit, so now people are able to stretch and cross their legs, a thing that normal airlines lacked, they even have a legroom to offer more luxury to their clients. They also offer the best snacks and free selection of beverages in a way that clients don’t feel like begging for them, instead the flight attendants are all the time walking around giving the best food and overall service of all times. On the other hand, they know that not everything is in their hands and that flight delays may occur, so they are prepared with the best terminals and DVD’s selections of the time in order to keep giving their clients the best service’s features even in the most complicated times. All of this is achievable thanks to an exchange between JetBlue and their costumers. JetBlue gives love to their costumers by adding special value to the normal flight experience in return of, costumer loyalty and profits. 3-Which of the five marketing management concepts best applies to JetBlue? In my honest opinion they are one step left of implementing a â€Å"societal marketing concept†, but they still remain at the â€Å"marketing concept† right now. Their philosophy is to really getting to know the needs and wants of their target market and deliver them the desired satisfaction better than their competitors do, which is exactly what the â€Å"marketing concept† looks for. However they are lacking the humanitarian (GO GREEN!!!) part that a â€Å"societal market concept† would carry with it. Jet Blue is a company that is focused in more than the production, in more than the product, and in more than the sales, they are committed to the costumers, and they are willing to research everything in order to make their service adapt to their clients not backwards. They are also interacting with clients and improving their company, adding more value by taking their costumer’s critics in count to build stronger costumer’s relationships. On the other hand, implementing a new GO GREEN FUEL to their planes, or reusable water bottles (who knows) may get the company into the latest marketing trend, â€Å"the societal marketing concept†. 4-What values does JetBlue create for its costumers? JetBlue is completely focus on delivering the highest value possible to its clients. They are extremely committed to offer the highest valuable experience to their clients and you can see it in the way they treat their clients. They provide value by treating their costumers like family, like the CEO Barger tells, â€Å"The human side of the equation is the most important part of what we are doing†, â€Å"the hard product-airplanes, leather seats, satellite TVs, bricks and mortar-as long as you have a checkbook, they can be replicated† but the culture its really hard to replicate, that’s the superior value they give to their costumer: â€Å"Affordable flights, with the top service ever†, a feature that other airlines are no able to serve to their costumers. However, there is always the extra value of â€Å"having the most confortable seats ever; giving their clients a higher valued experience while flying†, and all the other material things, that if serve as intended might bring the costumer satisfaction to a whole new level. People can’t stop talking about JetBlue’s experience because, it breaks all the standards, the service is just UNBELIABLE. 5-Is JetBlue likely to continue being successful in building customer relationships? Why or Why Not? Yes, they will continue being successful in building costumer relationships as long as they keep delivering their high valued service, and meeting their costumer’s expectations in the best way possible. JetBlue is right now at the very top of the airline’s industry for it costumers, and as long as they keep doing what they are doing and improving the critics they may get, I don’t believe there is a possible way for costumers’ loyalty to fade away. Like I said they have been creating long-lasting relationships with their clients by providing them an excellent service and a high valued experience, unlike short meaningless transactions. On the other hand I do believe that they should try to catch up with the latest trend of marketing, and attempt to get into the â€Å"societal marketing concept† by creating something into the â€Å"Society, Consumers, Company† triangle or better said involving something â€Å"GO GREEN† in their mission. Maybe this will update them even more and would let them get their brand into a whole new dimension. However it seems like they are doing well, and that w e will all become JetBlue lovers in the long run. GO JETBLUE!!

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Proposal - Essay Example In order to derive a genetic algorithm, potential solutions to a problem need to be developed by encoding; for instance by using binary bit strings. Another method used is the estimation of distribution algorithms for software optimisation, whereby a probability model is maintained for each generation of a problem situation. While there are studies applying each of these software optimization methods separately, the number of studies where both methods are compared in the same assessment are not as plentiful. This study seeks to carry out a comparison of both these software optimization methods in one particular study. Both these methods will be compared and an estimation of the efficacy of each method in terms of software optimization capacity will be made on the basis of the comparison. This study will rely primarily on two major research studies which are detailed below, which form a close parallel to the subject of this research study. The most relevant studies that would apply in the context of this research proposal are those showing different methods of software optimization. Through the use of parallel and distributing processing, multi thread techniques have been shown to provide better solutions than sequential options (Cruz and Pelta, 2009). Under the multi thread option, each solver thread represents a particular optimization algorithm and a coordinator collects performance information on the solvers and then sends them instructions on how behaviour is to be altered. On the algorithmic approach, metaheuristics can be successfully applied to complex and difficult combinations of optimization programs. In the study carried out by Cruz and Pelta (2009), the most basic ingredients of soft computing were used, i.e, through fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules, depending upon the location, i.e, by focusing upon the p-median, where the combinatorial optimization problem occurred. The

Museum research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Museum research paper - Essay Example It is based on the passion with abstract art and the first record abstract paint of Wassily that he is considered the father of abstract art (Varnedoe 2006, p15). The painting ‘Untitled Improvisation-1914’ is one of Wassily’s painting work in abstract with depth and meaning in the use of colours and lines. It is a more refined and developed piece of art in a series that emerge from about 1906. The painting is done during the onset of World War I, a very important aspect in understanding the theme colors and the messages conveyed by the picture. The Nazis of Germany were actively involved in the war, a war of race, and so Wassily, who was a professor, was then forced to move back to his home country (Düchting, 2008, p58). This information forms the background of the abstract painting, with no particular object painted but nonetheless, rich in internal beauty and spiritual understanding as Wassily himself described Art. The artist Wassily had a special approach to art which was very unique and independent, only witnessed among those who appreciate abstract art (Flux, 2002, p42). He was devoted to inner beauty of art work and had spiritual desire for his artistic impressions. This was achieved by colour as can be seen in this painting. The circumstance inspiring Wassily to paint ‘Untitled Improvisation III, 1914’ is the troubles of the war era. This is indicated by the extensive use of black paint on the background. From the museum however, explanations are given as to why the painting was by oil paint on cardboard, the original material. Wassily, in painting this art piece, was inspired by the concept of music as in the paintings before. He believed that painting was like composing music and so was to communicate messages in a sequential manner so as to get it across by use of colours and shadings of various thicknesses (Bill, Max, and

Endangered Species Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Endangered Species - Research Paper Example The present crisis of endangered species is distinctive in that the failure of biodiversity is happening rapidly, and the main cause of the catastrophe is the activities of human beings. Some scholars such as Henry David Thoreau, Aldo Leopold and Elisabet Sahtouris believe that the current crisis persists because of lack of ethical responsibility and failure to connect with the environment in the part of humans (Benson and Rob 188). One of the most endangered species that are facing extinction is the rhino species found in Africa and Asia. The Rhino population in the two continents is roughly 29,000 surviving in the world. This is a massive difference from the population of rhinos at the beginning of the 20th century standing at 500,000 rhinos. For instance, in Africa there are 20,000 white rhinos and 4,880 black rhinos. In Asia, however, the statistics are more alarming as there are only 2,850 great one-horned rhinos, 200 Sumatran rhino and 50 Javan rhino. There are only seven north ern white rhinos living in the world (Rhino Info n.d). With then rhino, facing distinction in the future is inevitable that governments form laws that protect this endangered specie from human hunters who kill them for their horns, as well as meat. The illegal rhino horn hunt has been the biggest human activity that has led to a drastic decline of the rhino species instigated by the illegal rhino horn trade, political conflict, as well as habitat loss. The rhino is mostly valued for production of Chinese medicine and poaching is the greatest menace facing rhino today. The horns are also used to construct ornamental handles for stiletto in Yemen one of the main markets of the rhino horns from Africa (Rhino Info n.d). In some areas, where normal law and order has collapsed mostly in war zones, and where political instability exists, poachers have found it easier to kill the rhinos, thus endangering them as well as other species. For example, poaching of rhino has been ascending in DRC , Nepal and Zimbabwe due to political conflicts (Rhino Info n.d). The basic issue in environmental ethics is whether there can be a non-anthropocentric environmental ethic, which is a foundation for right ant and wrong activities concerning the environment, which is not based exclusively in human fears. Most people claim that ethics is only based on anthropocentric environment. According to Benson and Rob (188) environmental ethics involves animal rights theories and biocentrism theories as well as egocentric theories. This entails that sentient animals, individual living things and conservation systems have moral standings respectfully. Leopold held that most ecological problems were because of ignorance, and understood that his own his own capability to recognize how environment works were the consequence long education and observation. However, in the current contemporary world, where environmental education and policies are protecting biodiversity ignorance has no room. It is ir responsible for instance, to cut down trees from indigenous forests, which are at, risk of extinction for logs, yet there are alternative means of producing similar tools without having to render tree populations extinct (Bagheera n.d). Leopold grew in a culture where concealed land ownership was part of the dream of America. However, this caused

The Rule of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Rule of Law - Essay Example During the last decades a lot of money has been spent trying to apply the Rule of Law in countries with undemocratic societies and in underdeveloped countries. The People’s Republic of China is one of those countries. As we can see, the Rule of Law is a very conflictive topic for a lot of people in our present society. We really think that the Rule of Law is very important in order to establish democracy and development in any country. But first let’s see what the Rule of Law is. Tom Glass defines the Rule of Law according to the following concepts: â€Å"Government decisions are made according to written law and rules; Government sanctions cannot be made up after the fact (ex post facto); Rules are applied as much as possible consistently to all; Courts provide citizens consistent, written process (due process) before life, liberty, or property is taken; Courts provide reasons based upon the law for their decisions.† Chinese people couldn’t get the ideas behind these points due to the fact of their Confucian background in which there was a heavy dependence upon the clan or the group. As the UN China puts it: â€Å"Under the philosophy that the government represents the people, internal government procedures regulated conflicts between the government and the individual, not laws.†

Art, science, and imagination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art, science, and imagination - Essay Example In particular the author has identified the changing technology to be the main factor in the determining changes that are eminent in our society. The culture image has over days changed due to the concept of receiving and perception of the images that are around us. Berger further states that the current demand for visualization of images is so high in our present world that the images end up being degraded by the same people visualizing them. According to Berger, one has to deeply understand something before appreciating it otherwise any judgment prior to this is unjust. All through the paper, he maintains that people always look at things and visualizes them even in dreams. However very few people do have the chance of showing interest on the actual happening of what they see rather their assumptions are always made from the things that they can see. Very few people find out what is happening in the inside and so make a lot of unjustified judgments. Due to this fact, he maintains t hat people have wrongly used the appearance instability to make judgments. He maintains that there is very minimal chance of a new product being made with its source being in direct contact with it. Most of the theories of Berger are justified but at some point, I fail to agree with him. I believe that there is a major role that anxiety plays in the understanding of how an object is like, to someone viewing it. This is because some viewers take no time to know what is inside the object that they are looking at. According to Berger, most of the viewers tend to be blind to the real life that they are living and as a result, they fail to understand what the real images that they see contain. As a result of this, communication in the current society is much complex. Wilson E.O presents a very contradicting idea to Berger’s ideas through his essay â€Å"The Bird of Paradise†. Depicting himself as a hunter and a poet, he links both the world of science and art. He narrates h ow he came into contact with nature in a research. Berger concludes that natural selection plays a major role in explaining how synthetic and analytic perspectives are reached. According to him, both work together to ensure the success of natural selection. This is contradictive to the theory of Berger in which he insists that the world of artists are based on theory, and how people interpret art and imagine personal things. This would therefore mean that the world of art and science are too complex to merge. In her essay, â€Å"Imagination and the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature† Emily Brady maintains that the individual subject is vital to the appreciation of all forms of art. By so it means that every individual can appreciate art in their own way through visualization of any image. This is in contrast to Berger’s essay in which he maintains that visualizations without the deep understanding of an image are not possible. Emily insists that the aesthetic responses t o art are guided by the art itself and the individual preference. Therefore some people may not appreciate the work of an artist not because they have not looked at it from within but because of their own personal preference. I can deeply understand this theory in my daily life while playing piano. A year ago, I fell in love with Chopin’s music and started to practice it. During the first a few days of practicing, I focused mainly on the basic skills and closely followed the music paper, the accuracy of the notes, strength of the staccato, and the

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Political Science - Essay Example But this rise was not unending. After huge growth in the 1980s, Japan suffered a terrible â€Å"lost decade† during the 1990s, beginning with the world recession in 1990-92. Why was the recession so especially painful for Japan? Why did it extend for almost a full decade, causing so many lost economic opportunities? And perhaps more importantly, what can the United States and the global economy, currently mired in a serious recession, learn from this period of economic doldrums in Japan? This essay will try to get to the bottom of these important and timely questions. In the decade before the long drawn out recession of the 1990s, Japan experienced unprecedented growth. Its flagship industries—electronics and automobiles—were taking over the world. These companies had an impressive reputation of high quality and reliability and were dominating their markets. American automobile makers were taken aback; American electronic companies were being bought up. Because of savings programs implemented by the government and tariffs against investing in foreign companies, there was a lot of money in Japan available to invest in Japanese companies and other investments. The government was trying to depreciate the yen, which had soared in value in the previous years. In order to do this, they dramatically eased monetary policy and increased spending. This economic stimulus led to a lot more money in the marketplace. Many economists believe that this situation led to an asset bubble in the late 1980s—similar to what happened in the United States over the last few years. Real estate and art, for example, rapidly appreciated. As an example of how extreme this bubble became: in the late 1980s it is said that the land in downtown Tokyo occupied by the Imperial Palace (about 3.5 square kilometres) was valued at more than all of the real estate in

International entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International entrepreneurship - Essay Example This definition of international entrepreneurship arises from the fact that IE arises from the desire to expand their operation beyond the borders of the countries of their operation. International entrepreneurship is becoming increasingly important in many economies around the world as corporations take advantage of the vast opportunities availed by globalization. Consequently, companies, both small and large multinationals, are increasing finding it necessary to expand their operations into other countries or regions so that that they can tap the numerous benefits availed by such ventures. Hence, a perfect definition for international entrepreneurship must entail the desire to create a successful business venture in a country different than the present country of operation. My definition captures this aspect of IE. Although the wording used in defining IE differs from one scholar to another, almost all of the definitions point to one area: that of seeking out and conducting new and innovative business activities across national borders. For example, McDougall and Oviatt (903) define IE as ‘a combination of innovative, proactive, and risk-seeking behavior that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations’. ... McDougall and Oviatt go a step further in their definition to state that IE creates value in an organization. This is absolutely right as IE elevates the profile of a company to that of a multinational, particularly if it establishes markets in numerous international markets. Expansion into foreign markets also adds value in form the company gaining skills and experience from the challenges and successes realized in the foreign markets. The same concept is captured in by Zahra and George’s definition of IE when they mention that companies establish operations in foreign markets in pursuit of competitive advantage. Another definition for IE was given by IE scholars meeting in 2008. Taking into consideration McDougall and Oviatt’s definition, the scholars aimed to expand this earlier definition to make it more concise and add an outcome or value to it. After consultations amongst themselves, they defined IE as â€Å"the creation of economic value through cross-border ent repreneurial activity† (ie-scholars discussion). This latest definition simply echoes those made earlier, particularly that made by McDougall and Oviatt. However, they add the aspect of value creation through exports and imports. Due to the recent emergence of globalization and creation of trading blocs such as the EU, AU, and NAFTA it has become necessary to create a distinction between international entrepreneurship from traditional entrepreneurship. While both types of entrepreneurships involve innovation, risk-seeking behavior, and creatively discovering and exploiting opportunities, the former transcends national borders or goes beyond the company’s domestic market while the latter is concentrated within

Food - Taste Essay Example for Free

Food Taste Essay College students do not have much time to make their own meals on a regular basis because they are busy with work and school. In lieu of home cooked meals, fast food is the number one choice that comes to mind. Fast food is quick, taste pretty delicious, and is inexpensive for the average college student. In many cases, there is a wider variety of fast food places in radius of the school campus to choose from. Even college students can always find what they are searching for in reasonable situations. When there is not enough time to go to the supermarket and buy the essential groceries needed to make a home cooked meal, there is always the quickest solution of going to a fast food place. Here, an employee will make what is desired with little to no wait. Any college student can run in, order what they want, and be back out with their food in hand and still be able to do everything on their agenda without being rushed. Drive through is also always available to those who do not want to enter the facility and for those who own a vehicle. What is even better about fast food is the fact that many places allow to put in a future order. Then there would be no wait for the food that was ordered. No one wants to eat food that does not appeal to their taste buds. Not even the college students whose diet consists of junk food. Students want something that taste delicious when they are eating it. Luckily, there is almost every kind of fast food joint that will appeal to one person or another. Fast food tastes extremely good because it is food that is not usually eaten on a day to day schedule. The taste of fast food will make any student fulfilled with its appetizing selections. Money, no matter what day and age, will always be a concern and with the option of buying fast food, it does not have to be a worry. Fast food is not at all expensive to the everyday college student. For seven dollars, a student can have a sandwich, a side, and unlimited fountain drinks. Many facilities have a â€Å"value† or â€Å"dollar† menu where food can be bought for even cheaper than what is seen on the regular, full-priced menu. If seven dollars were to be an issue, a student could get two hamburgers and a small drink for three dollars plus tax. They would still get unlimited refills plus an extra three dollars and change in their pocket. With the money left over, they could go the next day and buy the same thing as the day prior. Whether it is french fries or a side salad, fast food places give the average student such a wide variety to choose from.

Scientific Management Approach by Frederick W. Taylor

Scientific Management Approach by Frederick W. Taylor Scientific management approach was developed by Frederick W. Taylor in the late 19th century. This management approach can be defined as a scientific study done on the work methods aimed at improving the efficiency of the workers in order to achieve simplification, specialization, standardization and the overall efficiency in the organization. The approach further aimed at increasing productivity through mutual trust between the workers and the management. Through this, Taylor aimed at improving the level of trust with level of productivity improvement going to the workers. He also aimed at eliminating at eliminating anxiety and physical stress through training the workers and getting rid of the traditional boss concept (Anderson, 1988). In report, principles of scientific management approach are discussed. The relevance of the approach in the modern business world is highlighted with specific examples of its appropriateness and influence given To achieve this, Taylor developed four principles of scientific management approach that uniquely identifies it. The first principle is that uses science and not the rule of the thumb old rules. The principle further argues that the old rules of the thumb be further supported by scientific approaches to ones work. Scientific selection of workers is the second principle. The principle states that members to the organization should be selected according to some analysis. The y should then be taught, trained and developed (Anderson, 1988). The third principle is the management and labor corporation. Rather than managing conflicts, the management should collaborate with the members of the organization. This corporation makes it possible for the work to be done in such a in accordance to the set scientific principles. Scientific training of workers is the fourth principle. The principle points out that worker should be trained by experts based on scientific methods. Relating this to the modern business world, it is evident how Taylors ideas have influenced and still shape the business environment. On the first principle, the laws and scientific principles have replaced the traditional methods that are old fashioned. This is seen in factory automation where tasks performed by workers are optimized using scientific methods and approaches with the aim of increasing productivity and being able to get optimal results. The most production lines are largely determined by the mechanical approaches chosen but have always been improved using emerging scientific methods (Albrecht, 1983). The quality of the product has been improved by uses of scientific methods like ISO quality standards. In New Zealand for instance the use of ISO 9001 is a relevant example of a situation where the quality of the product is assured by the set work tasks. This management tool has been used widely to improve the quality of the products by most organizations in New Zealand. The tool proves to reduce waste, customer returns and rework. In the long run the end result is that efficiency is achieved. The second principle of scientific selection of workers has widely been used in the modern business environment. The principle is deemed as the most relevant one today as most organizations endeavor to hire the right person for to various positions. One common example where this scientific principle is the use of psychologists to conduct interviews in order to determine the use the suitability of an applicant to take up certain position. Use of business training programme and training Curve in New Zealand is an example of how science has been used to perform in selecting the right persons to undertake various tasks. Bringing together the trained worker and the science in order to offer opportunities for expression of employees need and better treatment is illustrated by the third principle in scientific management. The concept is evident today in the form of human relations. Problems related to human relations have however not been seen as been advocated by scientific management but according to (Gilbreth, 1914) scientific management has been beneficial to productivity. Most managers try to maintain safe and healthy workforce in order to improve their productivity. This has lead to the coming up of legislations such as the safe and Healthy in Employment Act of 1992 in New Zealand. The legislation is aimed at ensuring employees are happy and work in safe environment. The last principle emphasizes the need for distinguishing the roles played by each group in an organization. This is done by dividing the work in the organization into two large components. These are the one for the management and workers. This division gives the management higher responsibility than the workers as the functions of the management is further by fostering the importance and need for the management to exercise the for management functions effectively. These functions include but not limited to planning, organizing, controlling and leading. This are the major functions of management that do are fundamental without which the textbooks on management would not exist. (Boone, Bowden, 1987) argues that, going beyond the four principles of scientific management, the approach has proven to be vital in the development of contemporary business. It also remained relevant. Businesses in the technology industry have had their quality and efficiency improves like in the case Group technologies in Australia where the quality of their products have been improved with the use of specification and standardization process as well as the using production control. This concept of group technologies was introduced by Taylor in 1919 and is used even in todays factory automation. The concept has worked well especially in situations where thousands of parts are designed and classified. Most manufacturing plants today use group technology which it small and more flexible plants. An example of such plants is the Vertex pacific. This a plastic manufacturing company in New Zealand that has factories all over the country. The machine forming the plastic in each plant is flexible hence able to change the product its manufacturing within a very short time. This has enabled the efficiencies of group technology to be realized as they reduce the number of tools required. The process is however standardized by having the machines together in close proximity and production control (Hough White, 2001). The scientific management is old relevant in the modern business has it has shaped the practices in the modern accounting. The management method is exceptionally derived from the classical management that was practiced in the early days. This is where only the derivations were reported to the management. This is a common phenomenon in the modern accounting system where if budgets are overrun the accountants can notice and be able to inform their relevant higher management. Continuous improvement in the performance of the workers and improved efficiency is always attributed to improved quality management. All this are valued as the goals of the scientific management. However it is argued that securing harder works by the workers is necessary. According to (Hough White, 2001), though history has always considered scientific management as being narrow minded, it has always failed to point out the human elements in an organization that have more often been the cause of the problem. Human element has been an important part of the scientific management. This is the work length. Taylor has always advocated shortening of the working hour in order improve efficiency and productivity. This is evident in the recent years where organizations are shifting away from the traditional working eight hours in the office to working from home, selection of working hour and the increasing the availability of communication systems hence changing the contemporary business environment. To further the idea of scientific management being relevant in the modern world of business, Parker Lewis (1995) state that business environment in the modern day is similar to the early days scientific management. Service and product diversification, corporate mergers, intense competition, technological changes, pre-occupation and national economic recessions are examples of how the system has remained the same. This reason as to why scientific management approach can still be used today. Streamlining of business systems existing in two or more merged companies can be done by use of scientific analysis. Increasing the productivity of an organization in times of recessions and compete well in a competitive business environment are some of the valuable thing that can only be achieved with use of the scientific management. An example of this is the application of management theories and practices in a global setting based on the scientific management in the rebuilding of many businesses after the destruction of the Twin Towers in New York which caused a major negative impact on the tourism sector in most parts of the world. Its world noting that this Taylors work has faced some criticism. Perroni Wrege (2001) argue that Taylor was inconsistent in his pig-iron handling experiments as has data was consistent .They therefore concluded that his pig-tale used to illustrate the scientific management approach was morally unacceptable. They suggested the message was more important than the accuracy that Taylor shown in has research. It would unjust however for managers to discredit scientific management approach on this basis ignoring the possibilities that scientific management can offer increased productivity and efficiency. Hough White (2001) showed how the current disciplines like operations management, systems reengineering and work designs use many aspects in Taylors work. In conclusion it is imperative to say that scientific management has contributed immensely to the successful management in the current business world worldwide. The ideas propagated by Frederick Taylor in the late 19th century and early 20th century still have a place in the modern day management thinking. Its therefore advisable every manager regardless of the position one hold to embrace scientific management and use it carefully bearing in mind it is limited to the mechanistic organization. It is also possible to make improvements by carefully learning the work processes, designing and implementing relevant changes. This is however possible when considered in a holistic of the organization (Albrecht, 1983).

Assessment Issue Rubrics Essay -- Teaching Education

Assessment Issue Rubrics This article takes on a bit of a different perspective when it comes to the issue of using rubrics as a tool of assessment. When the topic of rubrics has come up in the professional life of this writer, it has been followed with a negative connotation. This article speaks positively of the use of rubrics. The writer of the article Heidi Andrade uses rubrics not only to justify students’ grades, but also to assist the students in properly completing an assignment. What the author of the articles says makes a lot of sense. A rubric shows a student exactly what is needed to obtain a high score on any given assignment. A good rubric will effectively do this task. The rubric can also serve as a reminder to a student that might be having difficulty recalling an item for an exam or for a paper. The author refers to rubrics as Instructional Rubrics. According to the author; An Instructional Rubric is usually a one- or two-page document that describes varying levels of quality, from excellent to poor, for a specific assignment. It is usually used with relatively complex assignment, such as a long-term project, an essay, or a research paper. When an Instructional Rubric is used, a student is now given the knowledge of what is expected from them, all to often this does not occur. Sometimes educators, without meaning to do harm, just expect the student to know how to do a task without directions. This is almost certainly settin...

The Role of Business in Society Essay -- Analysis, Dr. Novak

The problem to be investigated is that of understanding Dr. Novak’s discussions of the role business plays in society. The discussion centers around the topics of understanding the origins of the corporation, understanding the difference between corporations in the United States and Britain, understanding the different definitions of stakeholders, understanding the differences between democracy and social democracy, and understanding the evolving role of business. (Jennings, 2009) Furthermore, viewpoints from Plato, Cicero and Weaver are integrated to add depth to the discussion. The problem to be investigated is that of understanding Dr. Novak’s discussions of the role business plays in society. The discussion centers around the topics of understanding the origins of the corporation, understanding the difference between corporations in the United States and Britain, understanding the different definitions of stakeholders, understanding the differences between democracy and social democracy, and understanding the evolving role of business. (Jennings, 2009) Furthermore, viewpoints from Plato, Cicero and Weaver are integrated to add depth to the discussion. Origins of the Corporation Corporations began in the early middle ages through humbled societies and later developed as monasteries, towns, and universities. These corporations were exclusive and closely controlled by the state. In America in 1636, Harvard University began as a corporation. (Jennings, 2009) This was much to the dismay of those located across the Atlantic, as US citizens’ desired independence from royal charters and wanted to create corporations to meet their needs. By 1750, the American colonies had six universities, while England stil... ...fferent times to the needs of its creators. (Jennings, 2009) Conclusion Dr. Novak has strong and well thought out viewpoints of the role of the corporation in society. His belief is that the corporation in the United States is a stronger and better society because of its ability to provide rewards to stakeholders rather than society as a whole. Dr. Novak further adds to his argument that by understanding the differences between corporations and between stakeholders in the United States and Britain he can identify the motivations and strengths of corporations. (Jennings, 2009) Novak’s beliefs can be further supported by others on the topic including: Plato, Cicero, Aristotle (Henderson et al, 2009) and Weaver. (Weaver 2008) Dr. Novak also includes a discussion with the understanding the evolving role of business. (Jennings, 2009)

marketing Essay -- essays research papers

Online Marketing Definition Online marketing has many different definitions. However, the most straight forward is â€Å"Any positive communication between distributor and purchaser through the digital area (Internet, forums, chat, e-mail, the web, etc.) Which provides for the exchange of requested or necessary information directed to a potential customer’s purchase and a continuing and profitable customer/seller relationship.† (Forester, 1999, p.3) This definition gives the main idea of why many businesses have joined the online marketing segment and why businesses are still joining. On the other hand, the simple definition of marketing is â€Å"the process of planning the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfies individual and organizational objectives.† (Berkowitz, 1992, p.67) These two definitions explain how the marketing has a notion that means that an organization aims all its efforts at satisfying its customers. This idea is a simple and very important. The online sector of a business should have a complete overview of this idea and should use it to sell its products. Although some business people still have a production orientation. These people do not have much interest in the customers’ needs; they think of products and how to make money fast. People like this act as thought they are stuck at the beginning of the production era, where there were shortages of most products (Schwartz, 1999, p.5).Online Marketing Definition Online marketing has many different definitions. However, the most straight forward is â€Å"Any positive communication between distributor and purchaser through the digital area (Internet, forums, chat, e-mail, the web, etc.) Which provides for the exchange of requested or necessary information directed to a potential customer’s purchase and a continuing and profitable customer/seller relationship.† (Forester, 1999, p.3) This definition gives the main idea of why many businesses have joined the online marketing segment and why businesses are still joining. On the other hand, the simple definition of marketing is â€Å"the process of planning the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfies individual and organizational objectives.† (Berkowitz, 1992, p.67) These two definitions explain how the marketing has a ... ...y store. The Gap also insures the safety, security, and privacy towards your registered information. Renaissance Cruises   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With renaissance cruises, your credit card is safe. They guarantee it. They have a privacy statement, which guarantees that under no circumstances, will they reveal a customer’s confidential information to anybody. This cruise line has three different was to buy products. One way is to buy online. By buy online, renaissance offers varying discounts to the customers. Another way is to call their 1-800 number. The benefit of this is to talk to an actual representative. The last way is to e-mail them. They will respond within twenty-four hours.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By analyzing these two businesses, we found that both had security issues controlled. They also had easy ways to buy the products. The layouts of their web pages were organized and very informative. It was easy to understand how to order thing and how they established customer’s trust. They make the web pages full of click trough’s, which make the reader more interested in the site. Overall, these businesses have the customers in mind when making their web pages.

Effective Efficient Stroke Rehabilitation Programme Health And Social Care Essay

The World Health Organisations Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke states 15 million people worldwide suffer a shot each twelvemonth, ensuing in 5 million decease and 5 million instances of lasting disablement ( Mackay & A ; Mensah, 2004 ) . The European Stroke Initiative ( EUSI ) Guidelines noted that shot is either the 2nd or 3rd highest cause of decease in industrialized states ( Hacke et al, 2003 ) . In footings of consequence of shot on society, Stroke is projected to be around 61 million Disability Adjusted Life Years ( DALYs ) worldwide by 2020, compared to 38 million in 1990 which means an addition of 60 % ( Mackay & A ; Mensah,2004 ) . Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , stroke takes the 2nd universe broad taking cause of mortality ensuing in 5.5 million deceases per twelvemonth. Two tierces of those deceases occur among people populating in developing states. In add-on, many subsisters of shot have to set to a life with changing grades of disablement ( World Health Organisation ) . In the UK shot is the 3rd most common cause of decease, and the most common cause of disablement. More than 250.000 people live with damages due to stroke. Almost tierce of the people who had a shot are left with disablements. ( The Stroke Association,2010 ) . Stroke seashore England and Wales society about ?7 billion per annum. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Stroke as: † quickly developed clinical marks of focal ( or planetary ) perturbations of intellectual map, enduring more than 24 hours or taking to decease, with no evident cause other than vascular beginning † ( Edmans, 2001.P:1 ) The chief causes of Stroke are: 1. Ischemia taking to misdemeanor ( deficiency of bleed supply to a specific country taking to a hapless blood supply, caused by an intercalation by bosom, aorta, carotid or vertebral vass. 2. Bleeding ( shed blooding from a vas due to high blood pressure or unnatural coagulating it could be in subarachnoid, subdural, intracerebral or epidural countries ( Edmans, 2001 ) . 80 % are due to ischaemic causes and 20 % due to hemorrhagic causes. ( Bartel, 1998 ) Stroke can do any or all of the undermentioned neurological effects, which may or may non be transeunt, or even can be lasting and remain after rehabilitation ( The Stroke Association, 2010 ) : Damage or loss of esthesis in the limbs or face. Hemiplegia ( loss ) or Hemiparesis ( damage ) of motion in the limbs or face. Aphasia ( loss ) or Dysphasia ( damage ) of the ability to bring forth ( expressive ) or to understand ( receptive ) address, Dysphagia ( trouble get downing ) Apraxia ( deficiency of ) , or Dyspraxia ( damage ) in coordination of motion. Neglect ( deficiency of or decrease of consciousness of one side of the ocular fieled ) Emotional instability. Concern Incontinence or jobs with bladder control. Ocular shortages. The bulk of Stroke subsisters need Rehabilitation to better Health and minimise disablements ( Aprile, 2008 ) . As a consequence shot subsisters comprise the largest class of patient in rehabilitation ( Gnocchi et al, 2008 ) . The EUSI guidelines noted that rehabilitation demands to get down every bit shortly as the patient is stable clinically, and should go on every bit far as betterment in map is observed. Within the literature many writers define Rehabilitation ( Davis 2006 ) . ( Barne and Ward 2000 ) defined rehabilitation: † An active and dynamic procedure by which a handicapped individual is helped to get cognition and accomplishments in order to maximise physical, psychological, and societal map. It is a procedure that maximizes functional ability and minimizes disablement and disability † . ( P.4 ) In the recent twelvemonth Client centeredness has emerged as an of import rule for wellness bringing and rehabilitation services ( chooser institute, 2000 ) and it ‘s considered to be a cardinal constituent of good pattern ( Law et al, 1995 ) . Whiteneck ( 1994 ) noted that † an person should be viewed as the primary focal point of the rehabilitation and end scene procedure and subjective perceptual experience are needed to make full the spreads left by nonsubjective appraisal † ( P:1074 ) . However, the precedences between the wellness attention professionals and clients may differ, as a consequence patients may non desire to accomplish the identified end. Client centred rehabilitation has been described as a plans that helps to run into persons ( people with long term disablement ) needs, by fixing them for life in the existent universe, engagement in end planning and determination doing with wellness attention professionals, and to affect the household throughout the rehabilitation procedure ( Cott,2004 ) . The authorities modernization docket for national wellness services ( NHS ) mentioned the demand for greater partnership and engagement of service users at every degree of health care system ( Department of Health ( DOH ) , 2005 ) . Peoples with shot should hold the opportunity when possible to take determination about their intervention and attention, with partnership of health care professionals ( NICE clinical guidelines 68-stroke, 2008 ) . Stewart ( 2001 ) noted that â€Å" being patient centred really means taking into history the patients ‘ desire for information and for sharing determination devising and reacting sui tably † ( P: 445 ) . Client centred attack has been defined as one that is † based on the belief that the client is the of import individual in the relationship and that he has the resorts and ability to assist himself given the chance to make so † ( Dexter & A ; Wash 1986, P ( 17 ) cited in Sumison T,2006 P ( 5 ) ) . Client centred pattern can be described as an attack that embraces partnership with people utilizing services ( Restall et al,2003 ) , it besides offers a displacement from the traditional medical theoretical account provided by the wellness attention practicians ( Wright & A ; Rowe,2005 ) . The medical theoretical account embarrasses the position that the wellness attention professionals are the experts, who have all the power and authorization to command others. In other words clients are defined through their medical conditions ( unwellness ) and treated as dependent on the wellness attention professionals ( Barbore, 1995 ) . Hunt ( 1993 ) noted that, the medical theoretical account was the dominant position for a long clip where wellness attention professionals held the position that â€Å" rehabilitation can be used to cut down disablement be assisting people relearn accomplishments and adapt themselves to a universe in which able bodiedness is the norm † ( P: 130 ) . On the other manus the societal theoretical account argues that it is the society that disabled the individual. How the society treats disablement ( Barnes & A ; Mercer, 2003 ) . Client centred can be applied in both the social/medical theoretical account environment as it creates a natural balance between them ( Falardeau & A ; Durand, 2002 ) . Pollock ( 1993 ) noted that client centred attack takes into consideration ends that are set by the client harmonizing to his/her ain position of the job, as a consequence it encourages and increases the individuals possible and engagement during rehabilitation. In add-on puting ends may assist persons to work out his/her jobs and the feeling of control over their wellness addition. Harmonizing to the shot statistic mentioned antecedently, and the extremely cost of intervention and rehabilitation for shot subsister. Therefore, to find an effectual and efficient rehabilitation plan, might better or find efficient and effectual overall results for these turning subsisters. This thesis will consist the undermentioned chapters: the preliminary literature reappraisal where the organic structure of cognition will be discussed in deepness. This chapter sets to detect what is already known about client centred attention, its definitions, nucleus elements, barriers and restrictions, and client centred end scene, stoping with a clear statement of the research inquiry for this survey. The Methodology chapter will discourse and warrant the paradigm and methodological analysis used for this thesis and why is it appropriate for this survey. Then it will travel to the Methods chapter where the procedure of seeking the literature will be demonstrated, search term, inclusion and exclusion standards, and the chosen tools used to critically analysed, synthesise and analyze the cardinal articles. The consequences chapter will put to critically measure the cardinal articles utilizing â€Å" measure by measure † model to compare their strength and failing to be abl e to judge the consequences and findings of these surveies. In the Analysis chapter subjects and codifications that emerged from the cardinal documents will be presented, and compared harmonizing to the strength of the grounds. The treatment chapter will associate the findings and consequences from the analysis chapter ( subjects ) with what is already known about the subject from the literature reappraisal. Furthermore, restriction and recommendation for the current survey will be mentioned in this chapter. Finally, the in decision chapter the writer will summarize the findings, and do a recommendation for future academic work. WHY THIS Question Working in the UK in a neuro rehabilitation environment had been an oculus opening experience. This experience has unambiguously directed the writer towards the field of rehabilitation. What entreaties to the writer the most about rehabilitation is the client centred attack to patients attention. The purpose of this survey is to reexamine the literature about client cantered attention, taking to detect the benefits of implementing client centred attention in shot rehabilitation pattern, and what attitude should both wellness attention professionals and clients need to travel through to encompass client centred pattern. After deriving this Msc degree the writer is be aftering to travel back place and seek to implement and utilize the grounds gathered in this undertaking to educate wellness attention professional ‘s pupil. As in my state ( Jordan ) Client centred attack is non yet practised by both the persons and the professionals excessively in rehabilitation units. That means that while handling or even puting ends of a patient, household are the 1s involved chiefly in be aftering everything for the patient non the patient himself, in another words Professionals have to handle the whole household non the persons. Chapter TWO PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter aims to put the land for the survey to be taking, by analyze the exciting cognition in client centred attack. Shadowing an overview of client centred pattern, a assortment of definition for Client centred will be discussed from medical, nursing and occupational therapy position. Subsequently on, the nucleus elements of client centred will be discussed in deepness.The chapter will besides discourse the challenges to implement client centred practise and how to get the better of them. Finally, client centred end scene will be defined and explained. By the terminal of this chapter the research inquiry will be demonstrated. Rogers theory of therapy Carl Rogers was the first to depict client centred, Rogers stated that the focal point of any intercession should be based on the clients concern â€Å" The function of the healer harmonizing to Rogers is to ease job work outing through exciting the individuals desire and ability to understand jobs and suggest solution that are appropriate for his/her life † ( jurisprudence & A ; Mills, 1998: Cited in Richared & A ; Lauri,2010 ) . Client centred therapy describes Carl Rogers manner of working with people sing jobs in populating due to personal perturbations ( Rogers,1980 Cited in Kazantzis & A ; Labate,2007 ) . In 1939, Rogers developed his ain theory of psychotherapeutics with troubled kids, so after that he tried to spread out this theory by including households, twosomes and groups. In 1959 his theory of group interaction and interpersonal relationship, every bit good as theory of motive and personality development was published. The theory of motive came up from Rogers obs ervation to clients development within the curative relation ( Kazantzis & A ; Labate, 2007 ) . Based on his experience as a clinical psychologist, Rogers noted that â€Å" individuals possess resources of self-knowledge and ego healing, and that personality alteration and developments are possible if a definable clime of facilitative conditions is present † ( Rogers, 1980 Phosphorus: 115 ) . Ryan & A ; Deci ( 2000 ) besides noted that a ego directed/driven procedure might take to a better ego apprehension and credence. Witty ( 2007 ) demonstrated that â€Å" Rogers felt that all life beings are continually realizing their potency, even under unfavorable fortunes † ( P: 36 ) . Rogers ( 1980 ) did compose about a murphy in his male child hood place: â€Å" The actualizing inclination can, offcourse, be thwarted or warped, but it can non be destroyed without destructing the being. I remember that in m boyhood, the bin in which we stored our winter ‘s supply of murphies was in the cellar, several pess below a little window. The conditions were unfavorable, but the murphies would get down to shoot pale white sprouts, so unlike the healthy green shoots they sent up when planted in the dirt in the spring. But theses sad, spindly sprouts would turn 2 or 3 pess in length as they reached towards the distant visible radiation of the window. The sprouts were in their bizarre, ineffectual growing, a kind of despairing look of the directional inclination I have been depicting. They would ne'er go workss, ne'er mature, ne'er fulfil their existent potency. But under the most inauspicious fortunes, they were stiving to go. Life would non give up, even if it could non boom†¦ .. This powerful constructive inclination is an implicit i n footing of the person-centred attack ( Rogers,1980 P:118-119 ) Overview of the client centred attention construct In 1980 Health publicity was established, it was based on, that the clients should be involved in wellness attention and to be responsible of their ain wellness, in add-on consumers right, technological revolution and human rights all of which helped to develop the construct of client centred pattern ( Gage, 1994, jurisprudence et al,1995 cited in Sumsion,2006 ) . Furthermore, the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists ( CAOT ) has embraced the construct of client centred, as in 1980 ( CAOT ) and the Department on National Health and Welfare the Guidelines for Client Centred Practice of Occupational Therapy been produced ( Richared L & A ; Lauri K, 2010 ) , in add-on The American Occupational Therapy Association ( AOTA,1998 ) , the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities ( CARF,1989 ) , and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization ( JCAHO,1992 ) all of those administrations did emphasized on the demand for client centred pattern. The chief end and purpose of The National Service Framework for Long Term Condition for people with long term conditions to to the full back up persons to be able to pull off themselves, maintain independency to acquire to the best possible quality of life. Universities are besides admiting the demand to alter the manner future healer and physicians are educated, for blink of an eye, the medical school at a Canadian university adapted a patient-centred method as the focal point of the course of study, as it acknowledge and belief that, a patient has a disease but besides an illness experience that differs from one to another ( Western Alumni,1997 ) . The above illustrations may take to a decision that client centred pattern is supported and recognised by wellness attention professionals and the wellness attention system. What is client centred pattern? Client centred attention has many definition within the literature, nevertheless, a cosmopolitan definition does non be ( Stewart, 2001 ) . Client centred pattern within occupational therapy is has been defined as â€Å" an attack to supplying occupational therapy which embraces a doctrine of regard for and partnership with people having services. It recognises the liberty of persons, the demand for client pick in doing determination about occupational demand, the strength clients bring to an occupational therapy brush and the benefits of the client healer partnership and the demand to partnership and the demand to guarantee that services are accessible and fit the context in which a client lives † P: 253 ( Law et al, 1995 cited Sumsion, 2006 Phosphorus: 5 ) . In add-on Sumsions ( 2000 ) conducted a interviews to find how client centred was define by occupational healer, and concluded the undermentioned definition of client centred pattern is â€Å" a partnership between the client and the healer the empowers the client to prosecute in functional public presentation to carry through his or her occupational regulations in a assortment of environments, the clients participates actively in negociating ends which are given precedence and are at the Centre of appraisal, intercession and rating. Throughout the procedure the healer listen to and esteem the clients value, adapt the intercessions to run into the client ‘s demands and enables the client to do informed determination † ( Sumsion, 2000 cited in Sumsion & A ; Law, 2006 ) ( P:308 ) .The British Association of Occupational healer ( 1994 ) definition of client centred pattern is † the re-design of patient attention so that infirmary resorts and personal attention are organised around patients instead than around assorted specialised section † ( P:1 ) . The College of Occupational Therapist supports the client-centred attack to intercession by saying within the codification of mor alss and professional behavior that service should be client-centred and needs led ( College of Occupational healers 2000 ) . In medical specialty, patient centred attack was seen as â€Å" the physician attempts to bury the patients universe to see the unwellness through the patients eyes † ( Mcwhinney,1989 cited in Mead & A ; Bower, 2000 ) . In the medical literature client centred pattern focal points on the issues of communicating between the wellness attention professionals ( Doctors ) and clients which is one constituent of client centeredness. Finally, in nursing literature client centred attention is a doctrine of attention, which includes the emotional, religious, societal and the physical demands of the client, and a common coaction between the client and wellness attention professionals ( Nurses ) ( Millers & A ; Koop, 1984 ) The above definitions might take to a decision that communicating, partnership and regard for patients is a nucleus demand for client centred attention. The end of client-centred pattern is to explicate a stamp, lovingness, and authorising environment in which clients direct all of the procedure attention to rush the healing results ( Matheis-Kraft et Al, 1990 ) . In order for this to go on a repositioning in power should reassign from the healer to the client, with single authorization as cardinal ( Gage and Polatajko, 1995 ) . Larsson Lund et Al ( 2001 ) mentioned that the client should be the one in charged over their wellness because the quality of life is more indispensable than curative jobs. Clients can take part in client centred pattern by being involved actively in treatment ( Degnen, 2002 ) , intervention planes and end settings. ( Gage,1994 ) . Stewart ( 2001 ) noted that â€Å" being patient centred really means taking into history the patients desire for information and for sharing determination devising and reacting suitably † ( P:445 ) One of the cardinal values of client-centred attack is for wellness attention professionals to bury patients universe through seeing their unwellness from the patients eyes ( Brown et al, 1989 ) , McCracken et Al ( 1983 ) besides agree with this value, by saying that client-centred attack is based on, that wellness attention professionals have to understand the unwellness from the patients perspective, non merely construing the unwellness from the medical point of position. Health attention professionals should seek to spread out the illness experience of patients by holding a clear thought about the patient ‘s feelings, frights and thoughts about what is incorrect, outlooks from wellness attention professionals and how did their unwellness affect on their operation ( Watson et al, 1989 ) . Core elements of client centred pattern Sumsion & A ; Law ( 2006 ) where the one time who delineated the five nucleus constructs of client centred pattern: a figure of old surveies came out with the same thoughts This is besides referred in the literature reappraisal where it had been stated that.. Power To understand the influence of power is a cardinal value to implementing and apprehension of client centred pattern. Control, strength and fight are cardinal constructs within the thought of power. To implement a client centred pattern wellness attention professionals needs to understand the balance of power between clients and healer ( Honey,1999 ) , the balance of power within client centred pattern means a displacement in power from the rigorous traditional medical paradigm to one the dressed ores on the clients need ( Falardeau & A ; Durand,2002 ) . nevertheless, Corring ( 1996 ) cited in sumsion & A ; jurisprudence ( 2006 ) found that wellness attention professionals might hold the power over the clients and that clients are disempowered by the wellness attention system, French ( 1994 ) agreed with Corring ( 1996 ) and did depict the relationship between healer and clients as â€Å" is an unequal relationship with the professionals keeping most of the power. Traditionally profe ssional workers have defined, planed and delivered services, while handicapped people have been inactive receivers with small if any chance to exert control † . ( p103 ) . Once this power is accepted and understood from both the clients and wellness attention professionals, both can work collaboratively and clients can command their ain wellness and go equal spouse in wellness attention alternatively of ever seeking aid from professionals ( Sumsion, 1999 ) . Listening and pass oning Effective communicating by utilizing the appropriate linguistic communication is a cardinal component to see an effectual coaction and partnership between wellness attention professionals and clients ( Townsend,1998 ) , this communicating includes clients, his/her household and all of the squad member ( Kraft M et al,1990 ) , listening is an of import facet of communicating ( Webster,2001 ) , which can be addressed by leting the client to show his/her values, beliefs and issues they are confronting, sing his/her experience with damage ( Harrison,2001 ) , in order for this to go on healer should be patient and take clip to listen even though if what is expressed does non do sense to therapist. Otherwise, clients might experience non valued or respected ( Hanman, 2001 ) , as consequence, healer may experience pressured as they might happen it hard to give clients sufficient clip, ( Fondiller, Rosage & A ; Neuhaus, 1990 ( P:51 ) stated this remark â€Å" When clip is measured in 15 uni ts how can at that place be patient centred intervention? † Therefore, the wellness attention professionals might confront the challenge to alter the traditional relation with clients and switch it towards partnership ( Rosenbaum et al, 1998 ) which is traveling to be discussed following. Partnership Professional and affectional partnership between the client and wellness attention professional is needed to see that maximal attention is provided ( Levitan,1997 ) , in client centred pattern clients should play the major and active function in settings ends and results, on the other manus wellness attention professionals are the expert that provides information, cognition and intervention to assist clients to travel on ( Rosenbaum et al,1998 ) , being client centred is clip devouring, nevertheless the clip spent will heighten the relationship between clients and wellness attention professionals, which will take to a long term benefits ( Joness et al,2004 ) . The construct of client centred requires a partnership between health care professionals and the client, this partnership is chiefly based on healer willingness to listen to the clients point o position and position about disability/impairment and what is his/her experience of being disabled/impaired like ( Sumsion & A ; law,20 06 ) Choice Choice is an of import and a cardinal component in client centred pattern, nevertheless pick component depends on the degree of unwellness or disablement, and the capability/ability of client to do determination. Health attention professional should include a scope of picks for the client to take from throughout the intercession procedure ( Sumsion & A ; Law,2006 ) , and to bare on head that each client is a alone person who should be provided with the information in a apprehensible, and afford the client the opportunity and chance to take the best class of action harmonizing to his/her values and wants ( Law, Baptiste & A ; Mills,1995 ) Hope â€Å" Hope is the outlook that something good will go on in the hereafter and that the client ca n't populate without it â€Å" ( Von gunten, 2002 Phosphorus: 1421 ) . Throughout client centred pattern, it is of import for clients to keep hope. Health attention professionals should understand the importance of spiritualty in each client, and to show regard for client ‘s personal definition of hope and position on each client ‘s journey towards health ( Sumsion & A ; jurisprudence, 2006 ) . Bays ( 2001 ) see religious strength as a cardinal constituent o hope. Spirit is recognised as â€Å" the goaded force and motive for a individual to happen significance and intent in life † ( Engquist et al, 1997 ) . Furthermore, † Each persons spirit is expressed through his or her battle in mundane life, that is, his/her occupational public presentation in work, self-care and leisure † ( Egan & A ; Delaat,1994 ( P:100 ) . Hope is a of import issue for clients, ( Bays 2001, P: 26 ) stated â€Å" if you do n't hold the hope so you will be wholly lost â€Å" Client centred end scene Barnes & A ; Ward ( 2000 ) did describe end scene as â€Å" the kernel of rehabilitation † ( P: 8 ) . Goal scenes helps to ease a client centred attack in rehabilitation, as it could be adapted to the client harmonizing to his/her damage ( Malec, 1999 ) , it besides provides a manner to mensurate the advancement in rehabilitation, and the effectivity of the chosen rehabilitation plans ( Lannin, 2003 ) . A successful rehabilitation is the 1 that is based on squad coaction, client oriented, and taking to aim the end instead than happening a solution for the job ( Gage, 1994 ) . Goals are a major constituent of the rehabilitation procedure. The rehabilitation squad normally have a common end to the patient, that ‘s why it is of import to include the patient in the goal-setting procedure ( Wade, 1998 ) . Pollock ( 1993 ) noted that, patients should be the one to put the ends so he/she could work out their ain jobs, otherwise the patient will get down experiencing that they are non commanding their wellness. Furthermore, claims that, there might be an addition in patient engagement in the rehabilitation procedure, if patients did take part to put their ain ends and determination devising. Barriers to implementing client centred pattern Knowledge about implementing client centred over the past two decennaries has grown well ( Sumsion & A ; Law, 2006 ) , there are many issues that wellness attention professional must turn to before seeking to implement client centred pattern ( Sumsion,2006 ) , these issues and barriers may be due to the client, the healer and the on the job environment ( Law & A ; Britten,1995 ) . Sumsion T ( 2006 ) noted that the barriers to client centred pattern were found when the wellness attention professionals and clients had different ends, when the wellness attention professional do n't accept the clients end, Lack of clip and ability to construct resonance with clients, wellness attention professionals lack the cognition about client centred pattern, and when the health care professional feels unhappy and uncomfortable to allow the clients put their ain ends. To get the better of these barriers he recommended the demand of direction, instruction, support, preparation in client centred pattern, and holding a structured doctrine. A survey done by Sumison & A ; Smyth ( 2000 ) among 60 occupational healers utilizing a postal questionnaire in the United Kingdom, in which healer ranked 16 barriers to client centred pattern identified from the literature, the three highest barriers were: wellness attention professional and the client have different end heath attention professionals beliefs and value prevent them from accepting the client end Health attention professionals feel uncomfortable allowing clients to make up one's mind in their ain about his/her ends. Moats ( 2007 ) noted that clients with cognitive damages might do unrealistic and insecure picks, doing a restriction while seeking to implement client centred attention. A expolarity survey was conducted by Wressle & A ; Henriksson ( 1999 ) with geriatric shot patient during rehabilitation plan suggest that, clients normally do n't take part in end preparation and intervention program, they besides put frontward the demand of holding a construction theoretical account and doctrine to prosecute clients in the rehabilitation plan. At the administration degree, Gage ( 1994 ) noted that a deficiency of interdisciplinary attention helping is considered to be a barrier of implementing client centred pattern, furthermore Wressler & A ; Samuelsson ( 2004 ) high spots that the deficiency of understanding about what is client centred pattern in general besides considered to be a barrier. In add-on, clip force per unit area placed on wellness attention professional might besides be a important factor that holds client centred pattern back ( Stewart et al, 2003 ) . From the old treatment it may non be easy nor simple to implement a client centred attack ( Sumsion,2006 ) . Decision This chapter has provided an penetration into the different facet of client centred pattern, which will function as a base to steer the remainder of the survey. This survey will take a close expression at the benefits of client centred attack in pattern, this will be done by seeking to reply the undermentioned inquiry: how does research underpin the usage of client centred attack?

Facilitated Communication Essay

PsycINFO Article: This article is about a study that was conducted to determine if there is any positive correlation between behavioral deficits and facilitated communication (FC). In the study 12 students with Autism where tested before and after FC therapy, to examine if there was any benefit from the therapy. The results showed no positive correlation between FC and social interactions. The intended audience of the article would be anyone who wants to know more information about FC. Both of the main authors are from the Department of Special Education at The University of Kansas. The motive of the article is to show that is no direct benefit of FC when treating children with autism. ABC News Article: This article provides information about what FC is and how is works. In the article the author explains that there is no evidence for FC’s reliability or validity. It also points out the problem of the facilitator being the only person, who is communicating, not the children. I think the intended audiences of the article are parents who have autistic children. The author is Dr. Lori Warner from HOPE Center for Autism. Her motive is to provide information to parents who have concerns about FC. APA Web Article: This article explains what FC is and how it was thought to be a new breakthrough treatment method for people with autism and other mental handicaps. The article explains the faultiness of FC through evidence that facilitators were sometimes answering questions for the patients when they were not looking. It also mentions that after many studies there has been no evidence that supports any positive correlation between FC and autism. This article’s intended audience is anyone who is truthful information about FC. This is an extremely credible article because the APA wrote it. Its motive is to provide facts about FC and its fallacies. Client Brief: In the articles that I read, I found no evidence supporting positive benefits of FC. In my opinion, I do not believe that FC will benefit a child with serve mental handicaps or autism. However, I do not see any problem with  using keyboards and other forms of FC to communicate better with your autistic child. If you were making some progress in communication skills, then I would continue exploring ways to better communicate with your child. I would also recommend looking into some other options that might have better results and validity. Works Cited American Psychological Association. (2003, November 20). Facilitated communication: Sifting the psychological wheat from the chaff . Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/research/action/facilitated.aspx Myles, B. S., Simpson, R. L., & Smith, S. M. (1996). Collateral behavioral and social effects of using facilitated communication with individuals with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 11(3), 163-169, 190. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/618883072?accountid=14556 Warner, L., (2008, October 23). What is facilitated communication, and will it help my child with autism?. ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/AutismTreatment/story?id=5387585

I can not help but wonder why they would do this to me. I have been at peace with these humans for many years

For 300 years I have guarded my treasure. My family and I had taken it from a human's town that we once fumed upon. I took my share and placed it on the upland heath concealed in a barrow. No man should have seen it or even caught a reflection of these jewels sparkling in the light of the sun. I was isolated from this world because of what I am, the fire-drake, they call me. When Hygelac was king I did not bother his people often, even when the new ruler came to power for 50 years I did not bother his kingdom. A dirty human then snatched one of my treasure pieces right out of the barrow. The day I came back to my lair I knew something was missing. The precious cup made of gold and jewels had disappeared. Angry and full of rage I set forth to seek out the wretched thief, while returning to my barrow numerous of time to see if my eyes had deceived me. The gold treasure-cup was still no where to be found. I will burn them all to ashes. The fury that I possessed was uncontrollable. I could feel the anger slowly making its why through my body, and until I found the thief I was going to contain it. There were so many of these creatures how was I to know which one had my treasure-cup. They are all alike it does not matter who stole my gold treasure-cup. † Do not think to start anything with these humans Draco,† I turned around to see that it was my father and the leader of my kind, Drace. † You do not understand. I will not let these so called humans take advantage of me.† † It was just one golden treasure-cup that is all!† Why is Drace not agreeing with me? † It is that it was my treasure-cup and they came and bothered me first!† I roared back. † You are on your own then. For if one gold treasure-cup is worth starting a war over then so be it! But let this be known that I will not help you in any way. This is your battle. But let me also warn you of a man called, Beowulf, for he is unlike the rest of their kind.† With that, Drace left, and I was alone once again. The fact that my family was not on my side did not help the fact that I wanted to conceal my anger until the right time. I went out and nearly burned everything to the ground. That was my big mistake for now my barrow was now visible to any eye. I knew that they would soon come after me. I knew that some of these humans were not cowards. I began to prepare myself for the upcoming battle. I did not have much to fear, for my breath could do more harm than all of their swords combined. It still would have felt good to know that I had my family behind me. Shhh.. What was that? I know that they could not be coming for me so soon. Sweat begins to pour from his pores. I must remember that they are only humans. As the barbarians moved up the mound towards me I could see their leader very clearly. For he walked with his head high and look the strongest of all. This must be the man, Beowulf, that my father was talking of. But something about him caught my eye, why he did not look his age, but in his eyes I could tell that he had gone through many winters. Gaining back my confidence I proceeded upon them. Ha! Look at that old fool. Does he really believe that he can defeat me. The leader prepared himself for battle by putting up his shield. Ha! That shield will not protect you old fool. The man Beowulf swung his sword and I roared as it made contact with my body. The strength of this blow was something that I had never felt before. I was sure I had been wounded, but as I look not even a scratch was on me. I'm invincible! The look of shock replaced the courageous expression Beowulf once had. I enveloped him with a huge flame of fire I produced at that exact moment. The other humans with him ran off like cowards towards safety. The leader was left there fighting off the flames. I stopped in rejoiced in my glory, but the second I was going to end his life, the only noble warrior of his pushed him out of my grasp. This man was trying to save his leaders life. He was whispering something to him in a language I could not make out. Roar! I rushed at them and through the flame I could see the man protecting his leader. The leader shaking stood up and swung his great sword-blade and hit my head. Staggering, I saw the sword break. Running towards them I sunk my fangs into the throat of the man, Beowulf. As I turn I felt the blade of another sword. This time there was pain. The other man had drawn his sword upon my body and I was wounded. My vision began to fail and in pain I try to gather my strength back. Beowulf removed an object from his corselet and sharp sensations overwhelmed me.

AP Government Essay

527 Organizations- organizations that raise and spend money to advance political causes Blanket Primary- a primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties Caucus (electoral)- Closed Primary- an election in which voting is limited to already registered party members Coattails- The alleged tendency for candidates to get more votes in the election because their at the top of the ticket. general election- held to choose which candidate will hold office gerrymandering- drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party incumbent- The person already holding an elective office  independent expenditures- spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them malapportionment- drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population open primary- a primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place political action committee- set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations reapport ionment- position issue- an issue about which the public is divided and rival candidates or political parties adopt different policy positions primary election- held to choose candidates for office  prospective voting- voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues retrospective voting- voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office runoff primary- A second primary election held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary soft money- funds obtained by political parties are spent on party  activities, but not on a specific candidate sophomore surge- an increase in the votes congressional candidates usually get when they first run for reelection valence issue- An issue about which the public is united and rival candidates or political parties adopt similar positions in hopes that each will be thought to best represent those widely shared beliefs Five differences between congressional and Presidential campaigns are Presidential races are much more competitive A smaller portion of people vote in congressional races during off years than vote for the president. Members of congress can do things for their constituents that a president cannot A candidate for congress can avoid being held accountable for the â€Å"mess in Washington† More voters participate in congressional elections The five tasks that one must complete in order to run for the presidency is Get mentioned as someone who is of presidential caliber -travel around the world making speeches like Ronald Reagan which will put you on the radar. Shoot for over 12 in a day Devote lots of time! -Many candidates devote countless amounts of time, in terms of years. It is especially important to start sooner if you are not already known. However, you must be smart about your spending because you don’t want to go broke before the general elections begin! Try devoting a good four- six year of campaigning like Ronald Reagan. Get Money -You need a certain amount of money in order to get your name on the radar. To be eligible for federal matching grants to pay for primary campaign , you must first raise at least $5,000 in individual contributions of $250 or less in twenty states. Get Organized -You will need to raise a ton of money in order to campaign efficiently, but in order to do that, you will need a support system. Getting organized by hiring lawyers, accountants, a press secretary, travel scheduler, advertising specialist, direct mail company, pollster, volunteers and fundraisers will help the candidate stay on top of their game plan. Pick Strategy and themes -Choose your game plan wisely. Whether or not you are an incumbent should also determine what strategy a candidate chooses to take. You must also consider such factors as what type of tone your campaign will have, whether or not it will have a theme, timing, and what audience you would like to target. Incumbents are reelected to Congress over 90 percent of the time Seats are apportioned in each House of Congress according to Article 1 section 2 in the Constitution District boundaries can profoundly affect the outcome of the election due to problems of malapportionment, which is when one district is significantly bigger than than the other, requiring more votes in order to elect a representative. Gerrymandering was also an issue for it draws boundaries in odd shapes which in turn favors one party over another. The four problems to solve in deciding who gets represented in the House is Establishing the total size of the House Allocating seats in the House among the states Determining the size of congressional districts within states Determining the shape of those districts A candidate wins a party’s nomination by gathering enough voter signatures to get on the ballot in a primary election. They win their party’s nomination by getting more primary votes than the next candidate. Seats are reapportioned every ten years. In 1964, the Court ruled that the constitution requires that districts be drawn so that as nearly as possible, one person’s vote would be worth as much as another. Incumbents have the advantage of reelection in Congressional elections Due to the sophomore surge, members of Congress get 8 to 10 percent more votes than when they were first reelected. Two consequences of how congressmen/women are elected are that it produces legislators who are closely tied to local concerns and second, it ensures that party leaders will have relatively weak influence over them. Local orientation of members of congress has important affects on policy making for example, if you have a representative in a certain committee of Congress, your state has a higher chance of directly benefiting from whatever it is the committee can provide. Delegates tend to value reelection  over anything else and seek out committee assignments and projects that will produce benefits for their districts. On the other hand, trustees will seek out committee assignments that give them a chance to address large questions that may not even affect their districts. What works in a primary election may not work in a general election, and vice versa, in part because different elections or caucuses attracts a different mix of voters. The Iowa caucus is the first real test for candidates, so any slip at this caucus is a major disadvantage to the candidate due to the media attention and contributor interest. Primary voters tend to be more ideologically polarized than the average voter. Position issues are issues that are addressed during a candidates running for office in which he or she must make a stand on. These issues tend to share opposing views for the rival candidates and may also split the voters opinion. For example, in the recent election of Obama and Romney, tax cuts and the Obama medicare plan proved to be position issues. Valence issues do not require one to take a side, rather it i nvolves an issue in which everyone agrees, regardless of party identification. For example, in the Romney and Obama election, stronger education and school systems proved to be a valence issue. Television, Debates, and direct mail may influence campaigns in a variety of ways. Depending on the type of person who is absorbing the spots, visuals, and debates. For example, visuals and television newscasts may give the viewer less information than commercial spots. Visuals in some cases on the other hand, can be a vital part in a campaign because they cost very little and as news they may have greater credibility with the viewer. There are two different kinds of elections: general and primary. Primary elections are held to see who shall be nominated to run in the general election as a candidate, and the general election chooses who will take office. Some are closed while others are open,so one may have to declare in advance that they are registered to vote or you can go to an open primary where you decide which party’s primary you would like to participate right there and then. A presidential primary is used to pick delegates to the nominating conventions of the major parties. Candidates can get around â€Å"slips of the tongue† by relying on stock speeches. Since the 1960’s, television was used as a form of contesting campaigns and used largely to conduct campaigns. The internet made possible sophisticated direct-mail campaigning which in turn makes it  possible for a candidate to address specific appeals to particular voters easily and rapidly solicit campaign contributions Sources of campaign money for members of Congress come from their own pockets, private sources, or is raised from individuals, interest groups, or the political parties. For presidential candidates, money sources comes from private donors and the federal government, whereas Congress candidates rely on themselves or private sources to donate. Major Federal Campaign Finance Rules General -contributions and expenditures reported to FEC -Anything over $100 must be disclosed with name, address, and occupation of contributor -Nothing over $100 -no ceiling on how much candidates may spend out of their own money Individual contributions -can’t give more than $2,000 -no gifts exceeding $95,000 every two years. $37,500 goes to candidates Political Action Committees -each corporation, union, etc may establish one -Must register 6 months in advance, have at least 50 contributors, and give at least 5 candidates Ban on Soft Money -no union or corporation can give away own money from treasury to any national party Independent Expenditures -corps, unions, associations, can’t use own money to fund electioneering communications referring to candidates sixty days before gen. Election and 30 days before primary -PACs can fund electioneering up to their limits Presidential Primaries -Federal matching funds can be given to match individual contributions up to $250 or less -candidate must raise $5,000 in 20 states, with contributions of $250 or less Presidential Election -gov will pay all campaign costs up to legal limits of major party candidates and part of the cost of minor party candidates. The 2004 presidential election was unique because of the following factors: the war in Iraq, Bush running for second term which gave him an up in the electoral votes, Bush and Kerry won the same states that Bush and Gore won in 2000, and also  because of the high voter turnout. Minor-party candidates can get federal campaign money if they have won at least 5 percent of the vote in the last election. This has only happened once in 2000 The 1973 Campaign Finance Law created the problems of independent expenditures and soft money. The three changes to the Campaign Finance reform act was the banishment of soft money, raising the limits of independent contributions from $1,000 to $2,000, and it sharply restricted independent expenditures made by corporations, labor unions, and trade associations by restricting these organizations from using their own money to mention a clearly identified federal candidate in advertisement 60 days prior to the general election and thirty days prior to the primary election A suit formed against this law and stated that restricting an organization from mentioning a candidate prior to general and primary elections was a violation of freedom of speech. The Supreme Court upheld almost all of the law and stated it was not a violation. The NORC analysis states that if the recount of votes in Florida had not been halted by the U.S Supreme Court, Bush still would have won, also if hand counts in only four heavily democratic Florida counties had been was granted, Bush still would have won. However, if the same â€Å"equal protection† standard the U.S Supreme Court wanted to use but said there was not enough time, Al Gore would have won 527 Organizations are allowed to spend their money on politics as long as they don’t coordinate with a candidate or lobby directly with that person During peacetime, the state of the economy, the political party affiliation, and the character of the candidates generally decides who becomes presidential The pocketbook vote is the idea that the party holding the White House during good economic times will do well, however if the economy is not doing so well, neither will the party. It is hard to determine who’s pocketbook the voting does because how a person is doing financially will sway their vote on how they believe the good or bad economy will affect them. Besides money, religion, abortion, political reporting, and the vice-presidential nominee does not make much difference in the outcome of the election It is easier for incumbents to raise money because they are already well known to begin with, they can provide services to their districts, send free mail to their constituents, and can get free publicity by sponsoring legislation or  conducting an investigation The Republicans won nine presidential elections between 1968 and 2000 because democrats are not as committed to their parties as republicans are, Republicans have a higher percentage of independent voters, and there is a higher percentage of Republicans voting in the elections. A citizen does not need to be well informed politically to play an important in elections because despite the lack of knowledge in a certain field of politics, citizens ten to know more about the things that interest them. If it was a requirement for every citizen to be so well informed, citizenship in itself would be an occupation, taking up more time in people’s lives than they would want. A prospective voter is forward thinking. They consider both sides of views, including the opponent, and cast their votes for the person they feel will handle the matters more effectively. Perspective voters might focus on big issues such as abortion, nuclear energy, or school busing. A retrospective voter thinks backwardly, meaning they look to the recent past to determine whether or not the economy is doing well. If the economy is doing well, retrospective voters tend to vote for the party that currently occupies the White House, however if the economy was sour, these voters vote against the party in the White House. A prospective voter would focus greatly on economic issues, such as inflation. Campaigns make a difference in elections by reawakening partisan loyalties of voters, giving voters the chance to see how candidates handles pressure and how they apply it, and campaigns also allows voters to judge the character and values of a candidate. Thematic campaigning, negative ads, and the demands of single issue groups have impacted elections in the decision making process of the â€Å"right† candidate during the primary. A loyal coalition of democrats would be African Americans. In almost every election, two-thirds or more vote democratic A loyal coalition of Republicans would be The most loyal members of political parties does not have the most influence because they typically make up a small portion of the electorate. It is very hard to determine how a policies will be affected by elections is because there are so many offices to be filled and the ability it unite political parties under one policy is weak.